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mqfl-28ve-28s single output product # mqfl-28ve-28s p hone 1-888-567-9596 w ww.synqor.com d oc.# 005-0005099 rev. 2 0 1/08/10 p age 1 16-70v 5.5-80v 28v 3.3a 89% @ 1.65a / 88% @ 3.3a continuous input transient input output output effciency mqfl-28ve-28s-y-hb dc/dc converter 28vin 28v out @ 3.3a h igh r eliability dc-dc c onverter f ull p ower o peration : -55oc to +125oc ? fixed switching frequency ? no opto-isolators ? parallel operation with current share ? remote sense ? clock synchronization ? primary and secondary referenced enable ? continuous short circuit and overload protection ? input under-voltage lockout/over-voltage shutdown mqfl series converters (with mqme filter) are designed to meet: ? mil-hdbk-704-8 (a through f) ? rtca/do-160e section 16 ? mil-std-1275d ? def-stan 61-5 (part 6)/5 ? mil-std-461 (c, d, e) ? rtca/do-160e section 22 mqfl series converters are: ? designed for reliability per navso-p3641-a guidelines ? designed with components derated per: mil-hdbk-1547a navso p-3641a mqfl series converters are qualified to: ? mil-std-810f consistent with rtca/d0-160e ? synqors first article qualification consistent with mil-std-883f ? synqors long-term storage survivability qualification ? synqors on-going life test ? as9100 and iso 9001:2000 certified facility ? full component traceability ? temperature cycling ? constant acceleration ? 24, 96, 160 hour burn-in ? three level temperature screening d esigned & m anufactured in the usa f eaturing q or s eal ? h i -r el a ssembly meets all -704 and -1275d under-voltage transients the milqor ? series of high-reliability dc/dc converters brings synqors field proven high-efficiency synchronous rectifier technology to the military/aerospace industry. synqors innovative qorseal? packaging approach ensures survivability in the most hostile environments. compatible with the industry standard format, these converters operate at a fixed frequency, have no opto-isolators, and follow conservative component derating guidelines. they are designed and manufactured to comply with a wide range of military standards. advanced publication advanced publication
product # mqfl-28ve-28s p hone 1-888-567-9596 w ww.synqor.com d oc.# 005-0005099 rev. 2 0 1/08/10 p age 2 output: current: 28v 3.3a mqfl-28ve-28s en spetn block diagram ? sense isolation stage regulation stage 7 8 uvlo secondary control gate drivers control power primary control +vin input return stability enable 1 sync out sync in 12 11 10 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 +vout output return share enable 2 + sense gate drivers isolation barrier current limit current sense boost converter switches and control bias power transformer magnetic data coupling case typical connection diagram +vin in rtn stability ena 1 sync out sync in ena 2 share + sns - sns out rtn +vout 1 2 3 4 5 6 12 + - + - open means on open means on c stability r stability external bulk capacitor load 11 10 9 8 7 28 vdc mqfl h igh r eliability dc-dc c onverter f ull p ower o peration : -55oc to +125oc ? fixed switching frequency ? no opto-isolators ? parallel operation with current share ? remote sense ? clock synchronization ? primary and secondary referenced enable ? continuous short circuit and overload protection ? input under-voltage lockout/over-voltage shutdown mqfl series converters (with mqme filter) are designed to meet: ? mil-hdbk-704-8 (a through f) ? rtca/do-160e section 16 ? mil-std-1275d ? def-stan 61-5 (part 6)/5 ? mil-std-461 (c, d, e) ? rtca/do-160e section 22 mqfl series converters are: ? designed for reliability per navso-p3641-a guidelines ? designed with components derated per: mil-hdbk-1547a navso p-3641a mqfl series converters are qualified to: ? mil-std-810f consistent with rtca/d0-160e ? synqors first article qualification consistent with mil-std-883f ? synqors long-term storage survivability qualification ? synqors on-going life test ? as9100 and iso 9001:2000 certified facility ? full component traceability ? temperature cycling ? constant acceleration ? 24, 96, 160 hour burn-in ? three level temperature screening d esigned & m anufactured in the usa f eaturing q or s eal ? h i -r el a ssembly meets all -704 and -1275d under-voltage transients the milqor ? series of high-reliability dc/dc converters brings synqors field proven high-efficiency synchronous rectifier technology to the military/aerospace industry. synqors innovative qorseal? packaging approach ensures survivability in the most hostile environments. compatible with the industry standard format, these converters operate at a fixed frequency, have no opto-isolators, and follow conservative component derating guidelines. they are designed and manufactured to comply with a wide range of military standards. advanced publication advanced publication
product # mqfl-28ve-28s p hone 1-888-567-9596 w ww.synqor.com d oc.# 005-0005099 rev. 2 0 1/08/10 p age 3 output: current: 28v 3.3a mqfl-28ve-28s en spetn mqfl-28ve-28s electrical characteristics parameter min. typ. max. units notes & conditions group a vin=28v dc 5%, iout=3.3a, cl=0f, free running (see note 10) boost-converter non-operational unless otherwise specifed subgroup absolute maximum ratings input voltage non-operating 100 v operating 100 v see note 1 reverse bias (tcase = 125oc) -0.8 v reverse bias (tcase = -55oc) -1.2 v isolation voltage (i/o to case, i to o) continuous -500 500 v transient (100s) -800 800 v operating case temperature -55 135 c see note 2 storage case temperature -65 135 c lead temperature (20s) 300 c voltage at ena1, ena2 -1.2 50 v input characteristics operating input voltage range 16 28 70 v continuous 1, 2, 3 5.5 28 80 v transient, 1s; see under-voltage transient profle 4, 5, 6 input under-voltage lockout see note 3 turn-on voltage threshold 14.75 15.50 16.00 v 1, 2, 3 turn-off voltage threshold 13.80 14.40 15.00 v 1, 2, 3 lockout voltage hysteresis 0.50 1.10 1.80 v 1, 2, 3 input over-voltage shutdown see note 15 turn-off voltage threshold 90.0 95.0 100.0 v 1, 2, 3 turn-on voltage threshold 82.0 86.0 90.0 v 1, 2, 3 shutdown voltage hysteresis 3.0 9.0 15.0 v 1, 2, 3 maximum input current 7 a vin = 16v; iout = 3.3a 1, 2, 3 no load input current (operating) 110 160 ma 1, 2, 3 disabled input current (ena1) 2 5 ma vin = 16v, 28v, 70v 1, 2, 3 disabled input current (ena2) 25 50 ma vin = 16v, 28v, 70v 1, 2, 3 input terminal current ripple (pk-pk) 80 120 ma bandwidth = 100khz C 10mhz; see figure 14 1, 2, 3 output characteristics output voltage set point (tcase = 25oc) 27.72 28.00 28.28 v vout at sense leads 1 output voltage set point over temperature 27.60 28.00 28.40 v 2, 3 output voltage line regulation -20 0 20 mv ; vin = 16v, 28v, 70v; iout=3.3a 1, 2, 3 output voltage load regulation 120 135 150 mv ; vout @ (iout=0 a) - vout @ (iout=3.3a) 1, 2, 3 total output voltage range 27.44 28.00 28.56 v 1, 2, 3 output voltage ripple and noise peak to peak 30 100 mv bandwidth = 10 mhz; cl=11f 1, 2, 3 operating output current range 0 3.3 a 1, 2, 3 operating output power range 0 100 w 1, 2, 3 output dc current-limit inception 3.5 3.8 4.5 a see note 4 1, 2, 3 short circuit output current 3.7 4.1 5.6 a vout 1.2v 1, 2, 3 back-drive current limit while enabled 1 a 1, 2, 3 back-drive current limit while disabled 10 50 ma 1, 2, 3 maximum output capacitance 3,000 f see note 5 dynamic characteristics output voltage deviation load transient see note 6 for a pos. step change in load current -1200 -650 mv total iout step = 1.65a?-?3.3a, 0.33a?-?1.65a; cl=11f 4, 5, 6 for a neg. step change in load current 650 1200 mv 4, 5, 6 settling time (either case) 50 200 s see note 7 4, 5, 6 output voltage deviation line transient vin step = 16v?-?50v; cl=11f; see note 8 for a pos. step change in line voltage -800 800 mv 4, 5, 6 for a neg. step change in line voltage -800 800 mv 4, 5, 6 settling time (either case) 250 500 s see note 7 see note 5 turn-on transient output voltage rise time 6 10 ms vout = 2.8v-?25.2v 4, 5, 6 output voltage overshoot 0 2 % see note 5 turn-on delay, rising vin 5.5 8.0 ms ena1, ena2 = 5v; see notes 9 & 12 4, 5, 6 turn-on delay, rising ena1 3.0 6.0 ms ena2 = 5v; see note 12 4, 5, 6 turn-on delay, rising ena2 1.5 3.0 ms ena1 = 5v; see note 12 4, 5, 6 efficiency iout = 3.3a (16vin) 83 88 % 1, 2, 3 iout = 1.65a (16vin) 87 90 % 1, 2, 3 iout = 3.3a (28vin) 83 88 % 1, 2, 3 iout = 1.65a (28vin) 86 89 % 1, 2, 3 iout = 3.3a (40vin) 82 87 % 1, 2, 3 iout = 1.65a (40vin) 85 88 % 1, 2, 3 iout = 3.3a (70vin) 79 84 % 1, 2, 3 load fault power dissipation 14 24 w iout at current limit inception point; see note 4 1, 2, 3 short circuit power dissipation 16 24 w vout 1.2v 1, 2, 3 advanced publication advanced publication
product # mqfl-28ve-28s p hone 1-888-567-9596 w ww.synqor.com d oc.# 005-0005099 rev. 2 0 1/08/10 p age 4 output: current: 28v 3.3a mqfl-28ve-28s en spetn mqfl-28ve-28s electrical characteristics (continued) parameter min. typ. max. units notes & conditions group a vin=28v dc 5%, iout=3.3a, cl=0f, free running (see note 10) boost-converter non-operational unless otherwise specifed subgroup isolation characteristics isolation voltage dielectric strength input rtn to output rtn 500 v 1 any input pin to case 500 v 1 any output pin to case 500 v 1 isolation resistance (in rtn to out rtn) 100 m 1 isolation resistance (any pin to case) 100 m 1 isolation capacitance (in rtn to out rtn) 44 nf 1 feature characteristics switching frequency (free running) 500 550 600 khz 1, 2, 3 synchronization input frequency range 500 600 khz 1, 2, 3 logic level high 2.0 10 v 1, 2, 3 logic level low -0.5 0.8 v 1, 2, 3 duty cycle 20 80 % see note 5 synchronization output pull down current 20 ma vsync out = 0.8v see note 5 duty cycle 25 75 % output connected to sync in of other mqfl unit see note 5 enable control (ena1 and ena2) off-state voltage 0.8 v 1, 2, 3 module off pulldown current 80 a current drain required to ensure module is off see note 5 on-state voltage 2 v 1, 2, 3 module on pin leakage current 20 a imax draw from pin allowed with module still on see note 5 pull-up voltage 3.2 4.0 4.5 v see figure a 1, 2, 3 boost-converter operation input voltage arming value 17.5 18.0 18.8 v 1, 2, 3 switching frequency 600 670 740 khz 1, 2, 3 input terminal current ripple (rms) 0.9 a vin = 16v; iout = 3.3a total converter effciency iout = 1.65a (10vin) 85 % 1, 2, 3 iout = 1.65a (16vin) 87 % 1, 2, 3 iout = 3.3a (16vin) 86 % 1, 2, 3 reliability characteristics calculated mtbf (mil-std-217f2) gb @ tcase = 70oc 2200 10 3 hrs. aif @ tcase = 70oc 390 10 3 hrs. demonstrated mtbf tbd 10 3 hrs. weight characteristics device weight 79 g electrical characteristics notes 1. converter will undergo input over-voltage shutdown. 2. derate output power for continuous operation per figure 5. 3. high or low state of input voltage must persist for about 200s to be acted on by the lockout or shutdown circuitry. 4. current limit inception is defned as the point where the output voltage has dropped to 90% of its nominal value. 5. parameter not tested but guaranteed to the limit specifed. 6. load current transition time 10s. 7. settling time measured from start of transient to the point where the output voltage has returned to 1% of its fnal value. 8. line voltage transition time 100s. 9. input voltage rise time 250s. 10. operating the converter at a synchronization frequency above the free running frequency will cause the converters effciency to be slightly reduced and it may also cause a slight reduction in the maximum output current/power available. for more information consult the factory. 11. share pin outputs a power failure warning pulse during a fault condition. see current share section of the control features description. 12. after a disable or fault event, module is inhibited from restarting for 300ms. see shut down section of the control features description. 13. only the es and hb grade products are tested at three temperatures. the c grade products are tested at one temperature. please refer to the construction and environmental stress screening options table for details. 14. these derating curves apply for the es- and hb- grade products. the c- grade product has a maximum case temperature of 100oc. 15. input over voltage shutdown test is run at no load, full load is beyond derating condition and could cause damage at 125oc. advanced publication advanced publication
product # mqfl-28ve-28s p hone 1-888-567-9596 w ww.synqor.com d oc.# 005-0005099 rev. 2 0 1/08/10 p age 5 output: current: 28v 3.3a mqfl-28ve-28s en spetn under-voltage transient profile under-voltage transient profile showing when the boost-converter is guaranteed to be operational. the boost-converter must first be armed by having v in > v arm . a new under-voltage transient can occur after a delay equal to four times the duration of the previous transient if the boost-converter is rearmed. note: this under-voltage transient profile is designed to comply (with appropiate margins) with all initial-engagement surges, start- ing or cranking voltage transients and under-voltage surges specified in: ? mil-std-704-8 (a through f) ? rtca/do-160e ? mil-std-1275d ? def-stan 61-5 (part 6)/5 (operational portions) 0 5 10 15 20 0 1.5 3 4.5 6 7.5 9 10.5 12 13.5 15 16.5 18 19.5 21 22.5 24 25.5 time (s) v in 0 v arm (~18v) boost-converter is armed w hen vin exceeds this value 0.3 v/s 1.5 9 27 5.5v boost-converter oerational area dv 0.1v s dt advanced publication
product # mqfl-28ve-28s p hone 1-888-567-9596 w ww.synqor.com d oc.# 005-0005099 rev. 2 0 1/08/10 p age 6 output: current: 28v 3.3a mqfl-28ve-28s en spetn 8 8 2 2 l current een 16 vin 28 vin 40 vin 70 vin 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 -55oc 25oc 125oc case temerature (oc) efficienc () 16 vin 28 vin 40 vin 70 vin 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 0 1 1 2 3 3 load current (a) power dissiation () 16 vin 28 vin 40 vin 70 vin 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 -55oc 25oc 125oc case temerature (oc) power dissiation () 16 vin 28 vin 40 vin 70 vin 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 load current (a) outut voltae (v) 28 vin figure 1: effciency at nominal output voltage vs. load current for minimum, nominal, and maximum input voltage at tcase=25c. figure 2: effciency at nominal output voltage and 60% rated power vs. case temperature for input voltage of 16v, 28v, and 40v. figure 3: power dissipation at nominal output voltage vs. load current for minimum, nominal, and maximum input voltage at tcase=25c. figure 4: power dissipation at nominal output voltage and 60% rated power vs. case temperature for input voltage of 16v, 28v, and 40v. figure 5: output current / output power derating curve as a function of tcase and the maximum desired power mosfet junction temperature at vin = 28v (see note 14). figure 6: output voltage vs. load current showing typical current limit curves. tmax = 105oc, vin = 70 tmax = 105oc, vin = 50 tmax = 105oc, vin = 28 tmax = 125oc, vin = 70 tmax = 125oc, vin = 50 tmax = 125oc, vin = 28 tmax = 145oc, vin = 50 tmax = 145oc, vin = 28 pout () advanced publication advanced publication advanced publication advanced publication
product # mqfl-28ve-28s p hone 1-888-567-9596 w ww.synqor.com d oc.# 005-0005099 rev. 2 0 1/08/10 p age 7 output: current: 28v 3.3a mqfl-28ve-28s en spetn figure 7: turn-on transient at full resistive load and zero output capacitance initiated by ena1. input voltage pre-applied. ch 1: vout (5v/div). ch 2: ena1 (5v/div). figure 8: turn-on transient at full resistive load and 3mf output capacitance initiated by ena1. input voltage pre-applied. ch 1: vout (5v/div). ch 2: ena1 (5v/div). figure 9: turn-on transient at full resistive load and zero output capacitance initiated by ena2. input voltage pre-applied. ch 1: vout (5v/div). ch 2: ena2 (5v/div). figure 10: turn-on transient at full resistive load and zero output capacitance initiated by vin. ena1 and ena2 both previously high. ch 1: vout (5v/div). ch 2: vin (10v/div). figure 12: output voltage response to step-change in load current 0%- 50%-0% of iout (max). load cap: 1f ceramic cap and 10f, 100m esr tantalum cap. ch 1: vout (500mv/div). ch 2: iout (2a/div). figure 11: output voltage response to step-change in load current 50%-100%-50% of iout (max). load cap: 1f ceramic cap and 10f, 100m esr tantalum cap. ch 1: vout (500mv/div). ch 2: iout (2a/div). advanced publication advanced publication advanced publication advanced publication
product # mqfl-28ve-28s p hone 1-888-567-9596 w ww.synqor.com d oc.# 005-0005099 rev. 2 0 1/08/10 p age 8 output: current: 28v 3.3a mqfl-28ve-28s en spetn mqfl converter mqme filter see fig. 15 see fig. 16 1f ceramic capacitor 10f, 100m w esr capacitor v source i c v out figure 13: output voltage response to step-change in input voltage (16v - 50v - 16v). load cap: 10f, 100m esr tantalum cap and 1f ceramic cap. ch 1: vout (500mv/div). ch 2: vin (20v/div). figure 14: test set-up diagram showing measurement points for input terminal ripple current (figure 15) and output voltage ripple (figure 16). figure 15: input terminal current ripple, ic, at full rated output current and nominal input voltage with synqor mq flter module (50ma/div). bandwidth: 20mhz. see figure 14. figure 16: output voltage ripple, vout, at nominal input voltage and rated load current (20mv/div). load capacitance: 1f ceramic capacitor and 10f tantalum capacitor. bandwidth: 10mhz. see figure 14. figure 17: rise of output voltage after the removal of a short circuit across the output terminals. ch 1: vout (5v/div). ch 2: iout (2a/div). figure 18: sync out vs. time, driving sync in of a second synqor mqfl converter. ch1: sync out: (1v/div). advanced publication advanced publication advanced publication advanced publication
product # mqfl-28ve-28s p hone 1-888-567-9596 w ww.synqor.com d oc.# 005-0005099 rev. 2 0 1/08/10 p age 9 output: current: 28v 3.3a mqfl-28ve-28s en spetn output pene 16vin 28vin 40vin -90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 forward transmission (db) 16vin 28vin 40vin -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 reverse transmission (db) 16vin 28vin 40vin 0.1 1 10 100 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 inut imedance (ohms) 16vin 28vin 40vin figure 19: magnitude of incremental output impedance (zout = vout/iout) for minimum, nominal, and maximum input voltage at full rated power. figure 22: magnitude of incremental input impedance (zin = vin/ iin) for minimum, nominal, and maximum input voltage at full rated power. figure 23: high frequency conducted emissions of standalone mqfl- 28-05s, 5vout module at 120w output, as measured with method ce102. limit line shown is the basic curve for all applications with a 28v source. figure 24: high frequency conducted emissions of mqfl-28-05s, 5vout module at 120w output with mqfl-28-p flter, as measured with method ce102. limit line shown is the basic curve for all applications with a 28v source. figure 20: magnitude of incremental forward transmission (ft = vout/vin) for minimum, nominal, and maximum input voltage at full rated power. figure 21: magnitude of incremental reverse transmission (rt = iin/ iout) for minimum, nominal, and maximum input voltage at full rated power. advanced publication advanced publication advanced publication advanced publication
product # mqfl-28ve-28s p hone 1-888-567-9596 w ww.synqor.com d oc.# 005-0005099 rev. 2 0 1/08/10 p age 10 output: current: 28v 3.3a mqfl-28ve-28s en spetn basic operation and features the mqfl dc/dc converter uses a two-stage power conversion topology. the first, or regulation, stage is a buck-converter that keeps the output voltage constant over variations in line, load, and temperature. the second, or isolation, stage uses transform- ers to provide the functions of input/output isolation and voltage transformation to achieve the output voltage required. in the mqfl-28ve series of converters the regulation stage is preceeded by a boost-converter that permits these converters to operate through various military and aircraft under-voltage transients. further discussion of this feature can be found later in these notes. both the regulation and the isolation stages switch at a fixed frequency for predictable emi performance. the isolation stage switches at one half the frequency of the regulation stage, but due to the push-pull nature of this stage it creates a ripple at double its switching frequency. as a result, both the input and the output of the converter have a fundamental ripple frequency of about 550 khz in the free-running mode. rectification of the isolation stages output is accomplished with synchronous rectifiers. these devices, which are mosfets with a very low resistance, dissipate far less energy than would schottky diodes. this is the primary reason why the mqfl converters have such high efficiency, particularly at low output voltages. besides improving efficiency, the synchronous rectifiers permit operation down to zero load current. there is no longer a need for a minimum load, as is typical for converters that use diodes for rectification. the synchronous rectifiers actually permit a negative load current to flow back into the converters output terminals if the load is a source of short or long term energy. the mqfl convert- ers employ a back-drive current limit to keep this negative output terminal current small. there is a control circuit on both the input and output sides of the mqfl converter that determines the conduction state of the power switches. these circuits communicate with each other across the isolation barrier through a magnetically coupled device. no opto- isolators are used. a separate bias supply provides power to both the input and out- put control circuits. among other things, this bias supply permits the converter to operate indefinitely into a short circuit and to avoid a hiccup mode, even under a tough start-up condition. an input under-voltage lockout feature with hysteresis is provided, as well as an input over-voltage shutdown. there is also an output current limit that is nearly constant as the load impedance decreases to a short circuit (i.e., there is not fold- back or fold-forward characteristic to the output current under this condition). when a load fault is removed, the output voltage rises exponentially to its nominal value without an overshoot. the mqfl converters control circuit does not implement an output over-voltage limit or an over-temperature shutdown. the following sections describe the use and operation of addi- tional control features provided by the mqfl converter. under-voltage transients the mqfl-28ve series of dc/dc converters incorporate a special boost-converter stage that permits the converters to deliver full power through transients where its input voltage falls to as low as 5.5v. normally, the boost-converter is non-operational, and the converters input voltage is passed directly to its pre-regulation stage (see the block diagram). when an under-voltage transient occurs, the boost-converter becomes operational, and it steps-up the input voltage to a value greater than 16v so that the nominal output voltage can be sustained. it is important to note that the boost-converter stage must first become armed before it can become operational. this arming occurs when the converters input voltage exceeds approximately 18v. the boost-converter then becomes operational whenever the input voltage drops below the arming voltage, and it will remain operational as long as the input voltage remains within the region shown in the under-voltage transient profile page. if the input voltage drops below this transient profile, the boost- converter stage is not guaranteed to continue operating (it may, but it will protect itself from excessive stresses). once the boost- converter stops operating, the converters input voltage will be reconnected directly to the input of the pre-regulator stage. the output voltage will therefore collapse unless the input voltage is 16v, or greater. note: the boost-converter will not become re-armed for the next transient unless the input voltage once again exceeds approximately 18v. the transient profile shown on the under-voltage transient profile page is designed to comply (with appropriate margins) with all initial-engagement surges, starting or cranking voltage transients, and under-voltage surges specified in: ? mil-std-704-8 (a through f) ? rtca/do-160e ? mil-std-1275d ? def-stan 61-5 (part 6)/5 (operational portions) any input voltage transient that fits within the under-voltage transient profile can be repeated after a delay that is at least four times longer than the duration of the previous transient. during the time when the boost-converter stage is operational, the converters efficiency is reduced and the input ripple current is increased. the lower the input voltage, the more these parameters are affected. advanced publication advanced publication advanced publication advanced publication
product # mqfl-28ve-28s p hone 1-888-567-9596 w ww.synqor.com d oc.# 005-0005099 rev. 2 0 1/08/10 p age 11 output: current: 28v 3.3a mqfl-28ve-28s en spetn usually the converter has an emi filter upstream of it, and the source voltage is connected to the input of this emi filter. when, during compliance testing, the source voltage goes low during an under-voltage transient, the input to the converter will go even lower. this is because the inductance of the emi filter (as well as the parasitic source inductance) will cause an oscillatory ring with the bulk capacitor. with the bulk capacitor that is present in an mqme-28 filter, the peak of this under-voltage ring may be approximately 2 volts if the source voltage drops to 6v (it will be smaller than this at a higher transient source voltage due to the lower current drawn by the converter). as a result, it is necessary to add extra bulk capacitor across the converters input pins if the source voltage is going to drop to 6v, as it does for mil-std-704(a) or mil-std-1275d. it is recommended that a 100f/0.25 w esr capacitor be connected across the input pins of the converter be used as a starting point. for mil-std-704(b-f), where the source voltage drops to only 7v, a 47f hold-up capacitor would be a good starting point. the exact amount of capacitance required depends on the application (source induc- tance, load power, rate of fall of the source voltage, etc). please consult the factory if further assistance is required. because input system stability is harder to maintain as the input voltage gets lower, the mqfl-28ve series converters are designed to give external access to the voltage node between the boost-con- verter and the pre-regulator stages. this access, at the stability pin (pin 3), permits the user to add a stabilizing bulk capacitor with series resistance to this node. since the voltage at this node stays above 16v, the amount of capacitance required is much less than would be required on the converters input pins where the voltage might drop as low as 5.5v. it is recommended that a 22f capacitor with an esr of about 1 w be connected between the stability pin and the input return pin (pin 2). without this special connection to the internal node of the converter, a 300f stabilizing bulk capacitor would have been required across the converters input pins. another advantage of the stability pin is that it provides a volt- age source that stays above 16v when the under-voltage transient occurs. this voltage source might be useful for other circuitry in the system. control features enable : the mqfl converter has two enable pins. both must have a logic high level for the converter to be enabled. a logic low on either pin will inhibit the converter. the ena1 pin (pin 4) is referenced with respect to the converters input return (pin 2). the ena2 pin (pin 12) is referenced with respect to the converters output return (pin 8). this permits the converter to be inhibited from either the input or the output side. regardless of which pin is used to inhibit the converter, the regulation and the isolation stages are turned off. however, when the converter is inhibited through the ena1 pin, the bias supply is also turned off, whereas this supply remains on when the converter is inhibited through the ena2 pin. a higher input standby current therefore results in the latter case. both enable pins are internally pulled high so that an open connection on both pins will enable the converter. figure a shows the equivalent circuit looking into either enable pins. it is ttl compatible. shut down : the mqfl converter will shut down in response to only four conditions: ena1 input low, ena2 input low, vin input below under-voltage lockout threshold, or vin input above over-voltage shutdown threshold. following a shutdown event, there is a startup inhibit delay which will prevent the converter from restarting for approximately 300ms. after the 300ms delay elapses, if the enable inputs are high and the input voltage is within the operating range, the converter will restart. if the vin input is brought down to nearly 0v and back into the operating range, there is no startup inhibit, and the output voltage will rise according to the turn-on delay, rising vin specification. remote sense : the purpose of the remote sense pins is to correct for the voltage drop along the conductors that connect the converters output to the load. to achieve this goal, a separate conductor should be used to connect the +sense pin (pin 10) directly to the positive terminal of the load, as shown in the connection diagram. similarly, the Csense pin (pin 9) should be connected through a separate conductor to the return terminal of the load. note: even if remote sensing of the load voltage is not desired, the +sense and the -sense pins must be connected to +vout (pin 7) and output return (pin 8), respectively, to get proper regulation of the converters output. if they are left open, the converter will have an output voltage that is approximately 200mv higher than its specified value. if only the +sense pin is left open, the output voltage will be approximately 25mv too high. n3904 n4148 250k 125k 82k 5.6v to enable circuitry pin 4 (or pin 12) pin 2 (or pin 8) in rtn enable figure a: equivalent circuit looking into either the ena1 or ena2 pins with respect to its corresponding return pin. advanced publication advanced publication advanced publication advanced publication
product # mqfl-28ve-28s p hone 1-888-567-9596 w ww.synqor.com d oc.# 005-0005099 rev. 2 0 1/08/10 p age 12 output: current: 28v 3.3a mqfl-28ve-28s en spetn note: converters operating from separate input filters with reverse polarity protection (such as the mqme-28-t filter) with their outputs connected in parallel may exhibit hiccup operation at light loads. consult factory for details. output voltage trim : if desired, it is possible to increase the mqfl converters output voltage above its nominal value. to do this, use the +sense pin (pin 10) for this trim function instead of for its normal remote sense function, as shown in figure d. in this case, a resistor connects the +sense pin to the Csense pin (which should still be connected to the output return, either remotely or locally). the value of the trim resistor should be chosen according to the following equation or from figure e: rtrim = 100 x vnom [ vout C vnom C 0.025 ] where: vnom = the converters nominal output voltage, vout = the desired output voltage (greater than vnom), and rtrim is in ohms. as the output voltage is trimmed up, it produces a greater voltage stress on the converters internal components and may cause the converter to fail to deliver the desired output voltage at the low end of the input voltage range at the higher end of the load cur- rent and temperature range. please consult the factory for details. factory trimmed converters are available by request. input under-voltage lockout : the mqfl converter has an under-voltage lockout feature that ensures the converter will be off if the input voltage is too low. this lockout only appears when the boost-converter is not operating. the threshold of input voltage at which the converter will turn on is higher that the thresh- old at which it will turn off. in addition, the mqfl converter will not respond to a state of the input voltage unless it has remained in that state for more than about 200 s. this hysteresis and the delay ensure proper operation when the source impedance is high or in a noisy environment. input over-voltage shutdown : the mqfl converter also has an over-voltage feature that ensures the converter will be off if the input voltage is too high. it also has a hysteresis and time delay to ensure proper operation. figure d: typical connection for output voltage trimming. mqfl +vin in rtn stability ena 1 sync out sync in ena 2 share +sns -sns out rtn +vout 1 2 3 4 5 6 12 11 10 9 8 7 load + + 28 vdc open means on external bulk capacitor c stability r stability r trim figure e: output voltage trim graph inside the converter, +sense is connected to +vout with a resistor value from 100 w to 301 w , depending on output voltage, and Csense is connected to output return with a 10 w resistor it is also important to note that when remote sense is used, the voltage across the converters output terminals (pins 7 and 8) will be higher than the converters nominal output voltage due to resistive drops along the connecting wires. this higher volt- age at the terminals produces a greater voltage stress on the converters internal components and may cause the converter to fail to deliver the desired output voltage at the low end of the input voltage range at the higher end of the load current and temperature range. please consult the factory for details. synchronization : the mqfl converters regulation and isolation stage switching frequencies can be synchronized to an external frequency source that is in the 500 khz to 600 khz range. the boost-converter stage is free-running at about 670 khz while it is operational, and is not affected by synchroniza- tion signals. a pulse train at the desired frequency should be applied to the sync in pin (pin 6) with respect to the input return (pin 2). this pulse train should have a duty cycle in the 20% to 80% range. its low value should be below 0.8v to be guaranteed to be interpreted as a logic low, and its high value should be above 2.0v to be guaranteed to be interpreted as a logic high. the transition time between the two states should be less than 300ns. if the mqfl converter is not to be synchronized, the sync in pin should be left open circuit. the converter will then operate in its free-running mode at a frequency of approximately 550 khz. if, due to a fault, the sync in pin is held in either a logic low or logic high state continuously, the mqfl converter will revert to its free-running frequency. the mqfl converter also has a sync out pin (pin 5). this output can be used to drive the sync in pins of as many as ten (10) other mqfl converters. the pulse train coming out of sync out has a duty cycle of 50% and a frequency that matches the switching frequency of the converter with which it is associated. this frequency is either the free-running frequency if there is no synchronization signal at the sync in pin, or the synchroniza- tion frequency if there is. the sync out signal is available only when the voltage at the stability pin (pin 3) is above approximately 12v and when the converter is not inhibited through the ena1 pin. an inhibit through the ena2 pin will not turn the sync out signal off. note: an mqfl converter that has its sync in pin driven by the sync out pin of a second mqfl converter will have its start of its switching cycle delayed approximately 180 degrees relative to that of the second converter. figure b shows the equivalent circuit looking into the sync in pin. figure c shows the equivalent circuit looking into the sync out pin. current share : when several mqfl converters are placed in parallel to achieve either a higher total load power or n+1 redundancy, their share pins (pin 11) should be connected together. the voltage on this common share node represents the average current delivered by all of the paralleled converters. each converter monitors this average value and adjusts itself so that its output current closely matches that of the average. since the share pin is monitored with respect to the output return (pin 8) by each converter, it is important to connect all of the converters output return pins together through a low dc and ac impedance. when this is done correctly, the converters will deliver their appropriate fraction of the total load current to within +/- 10% at full rated load. whether or not converters are paralleled, the voltage at the share pin could be used to monitor the approximate average current delivered by the converter(s). a nominal voltage of 1.0v represents zero current and a nominal voltage of 2.2v represents the maximum rated current, with a linear relationship in between. the internal source resistance of a converters share pin signal is 2.5 k w . during an input voltage fault or primary disable event, the share pin outputs a power failure warning pulse. the share pin will go to 3v for approximately 14ms as the output voltage falls. figure b: equivalent circuit looking into the sync in pin with respect to the in rtn (input return) pin. pin 2 pin 6 5k 5v sync in in rtn to sync circuitry 5k figure c: equivalent circuit looking into sync out pin with respect to the in rtn (input return) pin. from sync circuitry 5k 5v sync out in rtn pin 2 pin 5 open collector output advanced publication advanced publication advanced publication advanced publication
product # mqfl-28ve-28s p hone 1-888-567-9596 w ww.synqor.com d oc.# 005-0005099 rev. 2 0 1/08/10 p age 13 output: current: 28v 3.3a mqfl-28ve-28s en spetn note: converters operating from separate input filters with reverse polarity protection (such as the mqme-28-t filter) with their outputs connected in parallel may exhibit hiccup operation at light loads. consult factory for details. output voltage trim : if desired, it is possible to increase the mqfl converters output voltage above its nominal value. to do this, use the +sense pin (pin 10) for this trim function instead of for its normal remote sense function, as shown in figure d. in this case, a resistor connects the +sense pin to the Csense pin (which should still be connected to the output return, either remotely or locally). the value of the trim resistor should be chosen according to the following equation or from figure e: rtrim = 100 x vnom [ vout C vnom C 0.025 ] where: vnom = the converters nominal output voltage, vout = the desired output voltage (greater than vnom), and rtrim is in ohms. as the output voltage is trimmed up, it produces a greater voltage stress on the converters internal components and may cause the converter to fail to deliver the desired output voltage at the low end of the input voltage range at the higher end of the load cur- rent and temperature range. please consult the factory for details. factory trimmed converters are available by request. input under-voltage lockout : the mqfl converter has an under-voltage lockout feature that ensures the converter will be off if the input voltage is too low. this lockout only appears when the boost-converter is not operating. the threshold of input voltage at which the converter will turn on is higher that the thresh- old at which it will turn off. in addition, the mqfl converter will not respond to a state of the input voltage unless it has remained in that state for more than about 200 s. this hysteresis and the delay ensure proper operation when the source impedance is high or in a noisy environment. input over-voltage shutdown : the mqfl converter also has an over-voltage feature that ensures the converter will be off if the input voltage is too high. it also has a hysteresis and time delay to ensure proper operation. figure d: typical connection for output voltage trimming. mqfl +vin in rtn stability ena 1 sync out sync in ena 2 share +sns -sns out rtn +vout 1 2 3 4 5 6 12 11 10 9 8 7 load + + 28 vdc open means on external bulk capacitor c stability r stability r trim figure e: output voltage trim graph advanced publication advanced publication advanced publication advanced publication
product # mqfl-28ve-28s p hone 1-888-567-9596 w ww.synqor.com d oc.# 005-0005099 rev. 2 0 1/08/10 p age 14 output: current: 28v 3.3a mqfl-28ve-28s en spetn back-drive current limit : converters that use mosfets as synchronous rectifiers are capable of drawing a negative current from the load if the load is a source of short- or long-term energy. this negative current is referred to as a back-drive current. conditions where back-drive current might occur include paral- leled converters that do not employ current sharing, or where the current share feature does not adequately ensure sharing during the startup or shutdown transitions. it can also occur when con- verters having different output voltages are connected together through either explicit or parasitic diodes that, while normally off, become conductive during startup or shutdown. finally, some loads, such as motors, can return energy to their power rail. even a load capacitor is a source of back-drive energy for some period of time during a shutdown transient. to avoid any problems that might arise due to back-drive current, the mqfl converters limit the negative current that the converter can draw from its output terminals. the threshold for this back- drive current limit is placed sufficiently below zero so that the con- verter may operate properly down to zero load, but its absolute value (see the electrical characteristics page) is small compared to the converters rated output current. thermal considerations : figure 5 shows the suggested power derating curves for this converter as a function of the case temperature, input voltage and the maximum desired power mosfet junction temperature. all other components within the converter are cooler than the hottest mosfet. the mil-hdbk-1547a component derating guideline calls for a maximum component temperature of 105oc. power derating curve figure; therefore has one power derating curve that ensures this limit is maintained. it has been synqors extensive experi- ence that reliable long-term converter operation can be achieved with a maximum component temperature of 125oc. in extreme cases, a maximum temperature of 145oc is permissible, but not recommended for long-term operation where high reliability is required. derating curves for these higher temperature limits are also included in figure. the maximum case temperature at which the converter should be operated is 135oc. when the converter is mounted on a metal plate, the plate will help to make the converters case bottom a uniform temperature. how well it does so depends on the thickness of the plate and on the thermal conductance of the interface layer (e.g. thermal grease, thermal pad, etc.) between the case and the plate. unless this is done very well, it is important not to mistake the plates temperature for the maximum case temperature. it is easy for them to be as much as 5-10oc different at full power and at high temperatures. it is suggested that a thermocouple be attached directly to the converters case through a small hole in the plate when investigating how hot the converter is getting. care must also be made to ensure that there is not a large thermal resistance between the thermocouple and the case due to whatever adhesive might be used to hold the thermocouple in place. input system instability : this condition can occur because any dc/dc converter appears incrementally as a negative resistance load. a detailed application note titled input system instability is available on the synqor website which provides an understanding of why this instability arises, and shows the preferred solution for correcting it. advanced publication advanced publication
product # mqfl-28ve-28s p hone 1-888-567-9596 w ww.synqor.com d oc.# 005-0005099 rev. 2 0 1/08/10 p age 15 output: current: 28v 3.3a mqfl-28ve-28s en spetn construction and environmental stress screening options milqor converters and filters are offered in three variations of environmental stress screening options. all milqor converters use synqors proprietary qorseal? hi-rel assembly process that includes a parylene-c coating of the circuit, a high performance thermal compound filler, and a nickel barrier gold plated aluminum case. each successively higher grade has more stringent mechanical and electrical testing, as well as a longer burn-in cycle. the es- and hb-grades are also constructed of components that have been procured through an element evaluation process that pre-qualifies each new batch of devices. ? 10s period ? 2s @ 100% load ? 8s @ 0% load advanced publication advanced publication
product # mqfl-28ve-28s p hone 1-888-567-9596 w ww.synqor.com d oc.# 005-0005099 rev. 2 0 1/08/10 p age 16 output: current: 28v 3.3a mqfl-28ve-28s en spetn made in usa 1 2 3 4 5 6 12 11 10 9 8 7 1.260 [32.00] 1.50 [38.10] 0.128 [3.25] 0.093 [2.36] 0.220 [5.59] 0.420 [10.7] 0.050 [1.27] 0.040 [1.02] pin 0.200 [5.08] typ. non-cum. 0.250 [6.35] 0.390 [9.91] 2.50 [63.50] 2.76 [70.10] 3.00 [76.20] +vin in rtn stability ena 1 share ena 2 +sns -sns +vout out rtn sync out sync in s/n 0000000 d/c 3205-301 cage 1wx10 2.80 [71.1] made in usa 1 2 3 4 5 6 12 11 10 9 8 7 1.260 [32.00] 1.50 [38.10] 0.128 [3.25] 0.228 [5.79] 0.093 [2.36] 0.220 [5.59] 0.050 [1.27] 0.040 [1.02] pin 0.200 [5.08] typ. non-cum. 0.250 [6.35] 0.390 [9.91] 2.50 [63.50] 2.76 [70.10] 3.00 [76.20] 2.96 [75.2] +vin in rtn stability ena 1 share ena 2 +sns -sns +vout out rtn sync out sync in s/n 0000000 d/c 3205-301 cage 1wx10 case x case u notes 1) pins 0.040? (1.02mm) diameter 2) pins material: copper finish: gold over nickel plate 3) all dimensions in inches (mm) tolerances: x.xx +/-0.02 in. (x.x +/-0.5mm) x.xxx +/-0.010 in. (x.xx +/-0.25mm) 4) weight: 2.8 oz (78.5 g) typical 5) workmanship: meets or exceeds ipc-a-610c class iii 6) print labeling on top surface per product label format drawing pin designations pin function function mqfl-28ve-28s-x-hb dc/dc converter 28v in 28v out @ 3.3a mqfl-28ve-28s-u-hb dc/dc converter 28v in 28v out @ 3.3a advanced publication advanced publication
product # mqfl-28ve-28s p hone 1-888-567-9596 w ww.synqor.com d oc.# 005-0005099 rev. 2 0 1/08/10 p age 17 output: current: 28v 3.3a mqfl-28ve-28s en spetn 1 2 3 4 5 6 12 11 10 9 8 7 1.750 [44.45] 1.50 [38.10] 0.228 [5.79] 0.300 [7.62] 0.140 [3.56] 0.220 [5.59] 0.050 [1.27] 0.040 [1.02] pin 0.200 [5.08] typ. non-cum. 0.250 [6.35] 0.250 [6.35] typ 0.375 [9.52] 2.50 [63.50] 2.96 [75.2] 0.390 [9.91] 2.00 [50.80] 1.15 [29.21] 1.750 [44.45] +vin in rtn stability ena 1 share ena 2 +sns -sns +vout out rtn sync out sync in s/n 0000000 d/c 3205-301 cage 1wx10 made in usa 0.390 [9.91] 0.050 [1.27] 0.36 [9.2] 0.250 [6.35] 0.220 [5.59] 2.80 [71.1] 0.525 [13.33] 0.040 [1.02] pin 0.200 [5.08] typ. non-cum. 0.390 [9.91] 0.050 [1.27] 0.250 [6.35] 0.220 [5.59] 0.420 [10.7] 2.80 [71.1] 0.525 [13.33] 0.040 [1.02] pin 0.200 [5.08] typ. non-cum. case y case z (variant of y) case w (variant of y) notes 1) pins 0.040 (1.02mm) diameter 2) pins material: copper finish: gold over nickel plate 3) all dimensions in inches (mm) tolerances: x.xx +/-0.02 in. (x.x +/-0.5mm) x.xxx +/-0.010 in. (x.xx +/-0.25mm) 4) weight: 2.8 oz (78.5 g) typical 5) workmanship: meets or exceeds ipc-a-610c class iii 6) print labeling on top surface per product label format drawing pin designations pin function pin function 1 positive input 7 positive output 2 input return 8 output return 3 stability 9 - sense 4 enable 1 10 + sense 5 sync output 11 share 6 sync input 12 enable 2 mqfl-28ve-28s-y-hb dc/dc converter 28v in 28v out @ 3.3a advanced publication advanced publication
product # mqfl-28ve-28s p hone 1-888-567-9596 w ww.synqor.com d oc.# 005-0005099 rev. 2 0 1/08/10 p age 18 output: current: 28v 3.3a mqfl-28ve-28s en spetn ?80% of total output current available on any one output. milqor converter family matrix the tables below show the array of milqor converters available. when ordering synqor converters, please ensure that you use the complete part number according to the table in the last page. contact the factory for other requirements. 1.5v 1.8v 2.5v 3.3v 5v 6v 7.5v 9v 12v 15v 28v 5v 12v 15v (1r5s) (1r8s) (2r5s) (3r3s) (05s) (06s) (7r5s) (09s) (12s) (15s) (28s) (05d) (12d) (15d) mfl-28 40a 40a 40a 30a 24a 20a 16a 13a 10a 8a 4a 24a total 10a total 8a total 16-40vin cont. 16-50vin 1s trans.* absolute max vin = 60v mfl-28e 40a 40a 40a 30a 24a 20a 16a 13a 10a 8a 4a 24a total 10a total 8a total 16-70vin cont. 16-80vin 1s trans.* absolute max vin =100v mfl-28v 40a 40a 40a 30a 20a 17a 13a 11a 8a 6.5a 3.3a 20a total 8a total 6.5a total 16-40vin cont. 5.5-50vin 1s trans.* absolute max vin = 60v mfl-28ve 40a 40a 40a 30a 20a 17a 13a 11a 8a 6.5a 3.3a 20a total 8a total 6.5a total 16-70vin cont. 5.5-80vin 1s trans.* absolute max vin = 100v mfl-270 40a 40a 40a 30a 24a 20a 16a 13a 10a 8a 4a 24a total 10a total 8a total 155-400vin cont. 155-475vin 0.1s trans.* absolute max vin = 550v alf sie 1.5v 1.8v 2.5v 3.3v 5v 6v 7.5v 9v 12v 15v 28v 5v 12v 15v (1r5s) (1r8s) (2r5s) (3r3s) (05s) (06s) (7r5s) (09s) (12s) (15s) (28s) (05d) (12d) (15d) ml-28 (50) 20a 20a 20a 15a 10a 8a 6.6a 5.5a 4a 3.3a 1.8a 10a total 4a total 3.3a total 16-40vin cont. 16-50vin 1s trans.* absolute max vin = 60v ml-28e (50) 20a 20a 20a 15a 10a 8a 6.6a 5.5a 4a 3.3a 1.8a 10a total 4a total 3.3a total 16-70vin cont. 16-80vin 1s trans.* absolute max vin =100v mr-28 (25) 10a 10a 10a 7.5a 5a 4a 3.3a 2.75a 2a 1.65a 0.9a 5a total 2a total 1.65a total 16-40vin cont. 16-50vin 1s trans.* absolute max vin = 60v mr-28e (25) 10a 10a 10a 7.5a 5a 4a 3.3a 2.75a 2a 1.65a 0.9a 5a total 2a total 1.65a total 16-70vin cont. 16-80vin 1s trans.* absolute max vin =100v sinle outut dual outut ? single output dual output ? check with factory for availability . ?80% of total output current available on any one output. *converters may be operated continuously at the highest transient input voltage, but some component electrical and thermal stresses would be beyond mil-hdbk-1547a guidelines. advanced publication advanced publication
product # mqfl-28ve-28s p hone 1-888-567-9596 w ww.synqor.com d oc.# 005-0005099 rev. 2 0 1/08/10 p age 19 output: current: 28v 3.3a mqfl-28ve-28s en spetn part numbering system the part numbering system for synqors milqor dc-dc converters follows the format shown in the table below. application notes a variety of application notes and technical white papers can be downloaded in pdf format from the synqor website. patents synqor holds the following u.s. patents, one or more of which apply to this product: additional patent applications may be pending or filed in the future. 5,999,417 6,222,742 6,545,890 6,577,109 6,594,159 6,731,520 6,894,468 6,896,526 6,927,987 7,050,309 7,072,190 7,085,146 7,119,524 7,269,034 7,272,021 7,272,023 7,558,083 7,564,702 warranty synqor offers a two (2) year limited warranty. complete warranty information is listed on our website or is available upon request from synqor. information furnished by synqor is believed to be accurate and reliable. however, no responsibility is assumed by synqor for its use, nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties which may result from its use. no license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of synqor. contact synqor for further information: phone: 978-849-0600 toll free: 888-567-9596 fax: 978-849-0602 e-mail: mqnbofae@synqor.com web: www.synqor.com address: 155 swanson road boxborough, ma 01719 usa pin con? guration not all combinations make valid part numbers, please contact synqor for availability. see the product summary web page for more options. example: mqfl-28ve-28sCyCes advanced publication advanced publication

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